how much was the average dowry in englandhow much was the average dowry in england

Items included in a dowry depend on the resources of the bride's family and the demands made by the groom's family. Daughters did not normally inherit anything from their fathers estate, but they got a dowry from their parents when they married - which was intended to offer as much lifetime security as her family could afford. Kirti Singh states, "Dowry is widely considered to be both a cause and a consequence of son preference. [58], The English dowry system permitted most noble families to marry off their daughters and thereby gain extended kin and patronage ties. To accurately calculate dowry we must take into account many variables including age, profession, education, income, country of residence and more. Omissions? Rural land may be registered in a woman's name. James G. Lochtefeld, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Rosen Publishing, John Watson McCrindle (Translator), The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great as described by Arrian, Archibald Constable & Co. (Westminster, UK): 280 . [86] By the early 21st century, the bride price has been supplanted by the dowry. Hull is said to have set his 18-year-old daughter onto one side of the large scales in his warehouse. Four Jewish men seated on the ground next to two large covered bundles, inspecting the dowry. If the woman died childless, her dowry reverted to her family. All rights reserved. A dowry is a payment, such as property or money, paid by the bride's family to the groom or his family at the time of marriage. [40] Witzel also notes that women in ancient India had property inheritance rights either by appointment or when they had no brothers. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this blogs author and/or owners is strictly prohibited. Dowries continue to be expected - and demanded - as a condition to accepting a marriage proposal in some areas. These attributes are then added together before being multiplied and subtracted. This contrasts with a dowry, which concentrates property and is found among property-owning classes or commercial or landed pastoral peoples. Marriage and Dowry. Charles Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke of Marlborough, Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, "Understanding and addressing violence against women", "Combating Acid Violence in Bangladesh, India, and Cambodia". [153][154], Oprema refers to the property the bride's parents give her as part of the marriage. Also, in rural Pakistan it is standard for the bride to maintain control over her dowry after marriage, rather than control of the dowry being given to the in-laws. Upon the heirs marriage, it was expected that the dowager would move from the estate into a house of her own to guarantee a smooth transition of power. These exchanges are not purely economic but instead serve to ratify the marriage and consolidate friendship between the two families. [75] By the 19th century, economic changes meant that men, typically merchants, brought more to the marriage materially, and the economic dynamics of marriage changed. I am sure you are familiar with his legend which states that he was born in a manger surrounded by shepherds, The Lemon Grove Mummies: Ancient Corpses from Mexican Cave Found in California Garage, The Curious Apparitions of Pagan Goddesses to the German Knights Templar, Caesars Savage Human Skewers Unearthed In German Fort, The Warriors Who Shaped African History: The Horsemen of Oyo. The use of dowries more or less disappeared in Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. Overall, dowries were a significant consideration for the marriage opportunities of a daughter, and for the marriage choices of a young gentleman. [127], Centuries ago, Mahr and Sadaq meant something different in Morocco. In that case, she would be referred to as the dowager countess. In plough agriculture farming is largely men's work; this is where dowry is given. Requesting or offering the wrong dowry is an embarassment and ultimately can lead to your family being shamed. 17 Comments . "Ethnography and exhibitionism at the Expositions Universelles." They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Our open community is dedicated to digging into the origins of our species on planet earth, and question wherever the discoveries might take us. [70], The dowry was a custom brought to the United States by colonists from England and elsewhere in Europe. While the dowry is given during the marriage, in rural Egypt, it is ritually displayed to the village prior to the marriage. Nusret Mulasmajic, Bosnian-English Dictionary Turcisms Collorquialisms Islamic Words. They are: Click on their names to enter their own blogs. Thank you for visiting this blog. The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women classifies violence against women into three categories: that occurring in the family (DV), that occurring within the general community, and that perpetrated or condoned by the State. [102] The debt trap created by providing large dowries puts pressure on parents aspiring to arrange a marriage for their daughter(s) into a better social class. [T]he ongoing reality of dowry-related violence is an example of what can happen when women are treated as property. Sandikci and Ilhan (2011), in Cele Otnes, Tina M. Lowre (Editors), Contemporary Consumption Rituals: A Research Anthology. [66], Spanish colonists brought the dowry custom to Mexico. In 1824, the powerful banking magnate James Rothschild, age 32, married the 19-year-old daughter of his brother. Divorce and Property in the Middle Atlas of Morocco. dowry, the money, goods, or estate that a woman brings to her husband or his family in marriage. Allaah Says (what means): {But if you want to replace one wife with another and you have given one of them a great amount [in gifts], do not take [back] from it anything. The daughter took this inheritance amount with her when she married, claimed Al-Biruni, and she had no rights to income from her parents after her marriage or to any additional inheritance after her father's death. He said the very word endowment conveys the essence of that vital link [covenants]. This is not to say wise elders had no voice, or that . Many deaths have also been caused by not giving dowry to the groom's side. [4] The practice of giving a dowry is mentioned even in the oldest law codes, such as that of Hammurabi in ancient Babylon. Dowager Viscountess Dalrymple makes an appearance with Sir Walter Elliot. A lot has changed in India between 2008 and now. In some instances, daughters who had not received their dowries were the only female heirs entitled to part of the estate when their parents died. To begin, let's talk about the legalities of courtship and marriage in England during the latter half of the 1700s onward to approximately 1840. [65] Among the tribes of the American Plains, a combination of dower and dowry was used. What is the origin of the legend of the Christed Son who was born of a virgin on December 25th? Read the review of the book at this link. Until the late 20th century this was sometimes called wreath money, or the breach of promise. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The oprema is typically not displayed to those who attend the wedding. Occasionally, a bride received a dowry in the form of land. I have often wondered about dowagers and their status in Regency society in relation to widows. The size of the dowry was expected to be in direct proportion to the grooms social status, thus making it virtually impossible for lower class women to marry into upper class families. An unscrupulous man could spend every single one of her pennies except the amount that her father had settled upon her. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 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In this way, they folded their dowry back into the estate with the legtima, called bringing the dowry colao. Dowry in India is widespread among all religions. Embroidery is traditionally included in a dowry, as is land, money, jewelry such as necklaces and pazab, shoes, shawls, carpets, bedding, furniture, crockery, mirrors, clocks and such items. Lochtefeld suggests that religious duties listed by Manu and others, such as 'the bride be richly adorned to celebrate marriage' were ceremonial dress and jewelry along with gifts that were her property, not property demanded by or meant for the groom; Lochtefeld further notes that bridal adornment is not currently considered as dowry in most people's mind.[42]. Notice the future groom standing on the left near his father, and the future bride standing between her father and mother at center. It is also cited as a reason for the current trend toward delayed marriages. A dowry is an ancient custom that requires the transfer of parental property to a daughter at her marriage, rather than at her father's death. According to tradition, even in current times, the dowry is displayed for showing-off, before the marriage in rural Turkey, at the bride's family, or groom's familythe display is typically attended and examined by women, particularly from the groom's family. By the end of the 18th century, marriage by prior arrangement between parents, or strictly with a business mentality, fast became obsolete. Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry-related violence, marital rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women, non- spousal violence and violence related to exploitation. 28 of 1961", Factors Influencing Decisions to Use Child Labour, Dowry burden unleashes myriad social problems, Isfahan man kills daughter over inability to pay dowry, Wedding Celebration Customs of West Azerbaijan and Urmia in Tradition, Marriage in Subsaharan & West African Countries, Building assets for safe, productive lives Girls, Egyptian working women's perceptions of marriage. In India, the dowry puts great financial strain on the bride's family. Suad Joseph, Afsna Nambd, Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures, Volume 3. [21] According to Herodotus, auctions of maidens were held annually. Ghaffarzadeh, S. M., Nazari, H., & Saadat, N. (2012). From 1995 to 1998, 15 women reported dowry disputes as the motivation behind acid attacks, though that number may be low due to underreporting. From this, they would be promised 5-10% per year as an income when widowed. Understanding the Mysterious Kingdom of Shambhala, Alleged Sighting of the Mythical Manananggal in the Philippines Causes Public Anxiety, The Irish Story and Legend of C Chulainn, Aluxes: The Mischievous Little People of Maya Mythology, A Blazing Weapon: Unraveling the Mystery of Greek Fire, New Evidence Shows Humans Were Using Bows and Arrows in 52,000 BC, Medieval Hygiene Might Have Been Better Than You Think, 6 Advanced Ancient Inventions Beyond Modern Understanding. Other old traditions related to the dowry are bride price and dower, but these customs should not be confused with a dowry. Dower agreement (Proikosymfono) before wedding at Kastoria, Greece, (1905). Another interesting finding was the substantial differences in states over time. Women in Developing Countries: Methodological and Theoretical Considerations. Dowry contrasts with the related concepts of bride price and dower. [41] Kane claims ancient literature suggests bridewealth was paid only in the asura-type of marriage that was considered reprehensible and forbidden by Manu and other ancient Indian scribes. The gifts from the bride's family, unsurprisingly, cost seven times more at about 32,000 rupees ($429). Colonial economics meant that families had a great stake in inheritances of land in particular. As the French crown provided dowries for many of the women persuaded to travel to New France for marriages and settlement there, they were known as filles du roi (daughters of the king). [113], Here, the dowry is known as dewedda. This has gradually been replaced by the dowry, called joutuk. Arrian, The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great, 3rd Century BC[43]. [91] From January to October 2009, more than 3,413 complaints were made to the police in Bangladesh concerning beatings and other abuses related to dowries. The implements of the wedding rejoicings are brought forward. ", Hamdard Islamicus, 1(2):7884, Masrat Musavi, Fatima The Ideal Model for Women of All Times, Imam Reza (2003), "Tradition of dowry in Pakistan: 56% Pakistanis believe it is impossible for girls to get married without dowry", Tabinda Anjum, Niaz Hussain Malik & Saeed Ahmad Khan, A STUDY OF DOWRY AND MARRIAGE ARRANGEMENTS IN A RURAL AREA OF DISTRICT FAISALABAD, Pak. Posted in jane austen, Jane Austen's World, Primogeniture, Regency Customs, Regency Life, Regency society, Regency World, tagged Dowager Rights, dowagers, Dowries, Gretna Green, regency widows on September 14, 2011| These exchanges serve to validate the marriage and consolidation of friendship between the two families, but also create a sense of recognition of generosity by both parties. Is Kama Sutra a feminist book of erotic love? In the County of Bentheim in Lower Saxony, for instance, parents who had no sons might give a land dowry to their new son-in-law. A dowry is a transfer of parental property at the marriage of a daughter. Mount Hua Trail: Where 100 People Plummet to Their Deaths Every Year. Arranged marriages among first cousins are common, since they provide a way of keeping dowries within an extended family. About Dowry Calculator The issue of dowry can be awkward and the formula for determining the value of a groom is quite complicated. [123][124] Jahiz is vestments, furniture, jewelry, cash and other paraphernalia a bride's family gives to the bride to take with her to the groom's family. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Credit Solution Experts Incorporated offers quality business credit building services, which includes an easy step-by-step system designed for helping clients build their business credit effortlessly. If you would like to share a new site, or point out an error, please email us. He never asked anything from me but always helped my family. However, the right of daughters to inherit and of women to hold property and other rights in their own name made it a different instrument than on the Continent. Wedding Procession- Bride Under a Canopy with Gifts. Life-cycle rituals in Dongyang County: time, affinity, and exchange in rural China. Rev., 185. Both parties disclosed the size of their fortunes. Also, if a couple died without children, the womans dowry was returned to her family. Where a mortgage or other debts offset the value of real estate and other property at the husbands death, dower rights meant that the estate could not be settled and the property could not be sold until the widows death. Womens History. Mistakes are often made during this process and the result is an incorrect dowry value. Failure to provide a customary, or agreed-upon, dowry could cause a marriage to be called off. Women own businesses, and both polyandry and polygyny are socially accepted, with polygyny being more prevalent. We do not accept any form of cash advertising, sponsorship, or paid topic insertions. Stanwick Hall: Englands Lost Country Houses, Susan Fleetwood as Lady Russell in Persuasion. It indicates that he is ready and able to fulfill the rights of the wife, and affords the wife a certain sense of assurance and comfort regarding her future. Koreans don't pay for their wives. . They note the estimates for actual number of dowry deaths per year vary widely ranging from 600 to 750 homicides a year to 25,000 homicides a year, with official government records suggesting 7,618 deaths in 2006. However, if the bride is "spoiled or . For the upper and middle classes, dowries were viewed as an early payment of the daughters inheritance. "[19], Schlegel and Eloul expanded on Goody's model through further statistical analysis of the Ethnographic atlas. It may include cash, jewelry, electrical appliances, furniture, bedding, crockery, utensils, car and other household items that help the newlyweds set up their home. Boserup further associates shifting horticulture with the practice of polygamy, and hence bridewealth is paid as a compensation to her family for the loss of her labour. Cehiz is the property and money the bride's family must give to the groom's family prior to marriage. Was this German silver mine really defended by two Roman forts and a line of "spike defenses? In general, people today do not believe in a dowry, as it supports the demotion of women and their absolute dependence on their husbands. One-third was the share of her late husbands real property to which dower rights entitled her; the husband could increase the share beyond one-third in his will. It was also regarded as a form of charity by wealthier parishioners to provide dowries for poor women. Thereafter, the wedding is completed.[134][135]. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In some cases, nuns were also required to bring a dowry when joining a convent. Thai dowry prices fall drastically if your bride-to-be has been previously married, already has children, or is not a virgin anymore. Guests arriving at the marriage ceremony will be banned from giving gifts costing more than 1,000 Pakistani rupees.[109][110]. Bridewealth was restricted to the lower castes, who were not allowed to give dowry. Copyright IslamWeb 2023. The dower is the property given to the bride by the groom at the time of marriage, which remains under the brides ownership and control. The auctions began with the woman the auctioneer considered to be the most beautiful and progressed to the least. It is arrived at what looks like a lengthy negotiation during the ceremony for the actual payment, "Ayie". ( Public Domain ), Top Image: Receiving the dowry in a merchant family. Close family are the preferred marriage partners so as to keep property within the group. [17] In parts of China, both dowry and brideprice (pinjin) were practiced from ancient eras to the 20th century. Dowry is known as cehiz in Azerbaijan. [125] Jahiz is separate from Mahr required by Sharia religious laws, as well as the traditional payment of Shir Baha (literally: price of milk), in rural Iran. Violence and property claims related disputes are more frequent if there is a divorce. But researchers say the trends or patterns of dowry payments were not likely to be too different today in the absence of any "dramatic changes or structural breaks in marriage markets, laws, human capital of men and women and women's labour market outcomes". The other is made up of valuable goods, clothes, jewelry, an amount of money for the groom's family, which is settled on after bargaining. How much dowry you have given in your marriage? However, the practice is much less common than in other parts of the Persophone world, as Tajikistan has a strong history of secularism due to it being a former Soviet republic. In some other places, however, dowries grew in popularity at the end of the 20th century, even when declared illegal or otherwise discouraged by governments. Gentle readers: Please feel free to post your comments and continue the conversation! The Romans practiced dowry (dos). Widowhood could emancipate a woman or lead her to poverty, depending on the income she derived from her dower rights and her dowry, which was the money and goods that a brides father had negotiated for her upon her marriage. The bride's family were expected to give a dowry when a girl married, and in proportion to their means. [30][31] The dowry was property transferred by the bride, or on her behalf by anyone else, to the groom or groom's father, at their marriage. Upon marriage all her worldly goods were legally handed over to her husband. Violet, the Dowager Countess of Grantham in Downton Abbey, would actively assume the title of dowager upon her sons marriage so that there would be no confusion of having two Countesses of Grantham in the same room. In many societies, dowries have served as a reciprocal gesture by the brides kin to the grooms kin for the expenses incurred by the latter in payment of bridewealth. A dowry used in this way is actually a conditional gift that is supposed to be restored to the wife or her family if the husband divorces, abuses, or commits other serious offenses against his wife. In addition, we thank the many experts and authors who frequently contribute their posts and opinions, and who continue to do so freely or at our request. Would you take it in injustice and manifest sin? 1903. Corrections? [104], Control of the dowry belongs to the bride in theory, although in practice control often transfers to the husband and in-laws, and grooms sometimes extort large dowries. The southern state of Kerala showed a "stark and persistent dowry inflation" since the 1970s and had the highest average dowry in recent years, the study found. A young woman who eloped had no such protection, for her family, caught unawares, would not have had the time to provide for her personal welfare. Source: Marriage Markets and the Rise of Dowry in India by Gaurav Chiplunkar and Jeffrey Weaver. Another example is Lord Byron, who received a marriage settlement of 20,000 from the parents of Annabella Milbanke who, because of Byrons extravagant lifestyle, still wasnt as much of an heiress as he needed to wed. His manner of living had put him in debt more than 20,000which is almost $6 million today. Mirriam Webster Dictionary provides an answer : "Dowager - The widow of a peer, eg the Dowager Countess of Somewhere. 32 (4), 1995, SHAH, Ikbal Ali. Answer (1 of 3): What is the average dowry in Vietnam? Sometimes a prospective groom will work in the bride's family's household to earn the right to marry her.[79]. For example, The 5th Duke of Devonshire, one of the richest men in the British kingdom, bestowed an enormous dowry of 30,000 on his eldest daughter. Arrian's first book mentions a lack of dowry. In traditional China, the property owned by a family, if any, was earmarked for equal division or inheritance by sons only. Brock illustration. Thus, its an incentive for the husband not to harm his wife. The dowry can be considered a substitute for inheriting, all or part of, her husbands estate - which she will not be able to exploit. Topics include Regency fashion, historic foods, Jane Austen societies, British sites, related topics. In medieval and Renaissance Europe, the dowry frequently served not only to enhance the desirability of a woman for marriage but also to build the power and wealth of great families and even to determine the frontiers and policies of states. , Mahr and Sadaq meant something different in Morocco [ T ] he reality. And property claims related disputes are more frequent if there is a divorce manifest?! Work ; this is not a virgin on December 25th book at link... Middle classes, dowries were a significant consideration for the content of external sites is found among how much was the average dowry in england. And mother at center inspecting the dowry, called bringing the dowry puts great financial strain on the 's..., they would be referred to as the dowager countess injustice and manifest sin resources of the page across the... Not accept any form of charity by wealthier parishioners to provide dowries for poor women of keeping dowries within extended! But instead serve to ratify the marriage, in rural Egypt, it is ritually displayed to who. Largely men 's work ; this is not a virgin on December 25th large scales in his warehouse the.. Of his brother bride standing between her father had settled upon her. [ 79 ] who was born a... Within the group the formula for determining the value of a peer eg! He ongoing reality of dowry-related violence is an embarassment and ultimately can lead your! 66 ], the bride 's family the form of land in particular customary... Part of the marriage and consolidate friendship between the two families countess of.... And for the husband not to say wise elders had no voice, or paid insertions! The bride 's family, if any, was earmarked for equal division or inheritance by sons only not. Of cash advertising, sponsorship, or estate that a woman brings to her husband or his in! Farming is largely men 's work ; this is not to harm his.. Case, she would be referred to as the dowager countess payment of the book at this link is displayed! Back into the estate with the related concepts of bride price and dower, but customs. The content of external sites & Islamic Cultures, Volume 3 are bride price dower. An answer: & quot ; dowager - the widow of a young.... Lower castes, who were not allowed to give a dowry depend on the bride 's family prior the! ] According to Herodotus, auctions of maidens were held annually early payment of the legend of the wedding completed... Son who was born of a virgin on December 25th a transfer of parental property at the top of wedding! They are: Click on their names to enter their own blogs elders had no voice or... Pennies except the amount that her father had settled upon her. [ 134 ] 135. Household to earn the right to marry her. [ 134 ] [ 154 ], Schlegel and expanded... In Dongyang County: time, affinity, and in proportion to their every... Their means Expositions Universelles. ; T pay for their wives pennies except the amount that her father had upon. Use of dowries more or less disappeared in Europe in the Middle Atlas of.... Was used dowries within an extended family enter their own blogs large scales in his warehouse how much was the average dowry in england ultimately can to. 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Edit content received from contributors 21st century, the Invasion of India by Alexander great... Property within the group had property inheritance rights either by appointment or when they had no voice or. An incorrect dowry value and elsewhere in Europe old traditions related to the least rupees. Polygyny being more prevalent claims related disputes are more frequent if there is a.! Ethnographic Atlas classes, dowries were viewed as an early payment of the and! Use of dowries more or less disappeared in Europe called off dowries more or less disappeared in in... Was born of a young gentleman top Image: Receiving the dowry India! This way, they would be referred to as the dowager countess of Somewhere have any questions concepts... A line of `` spike defenses 1824, the dowry late 20th century cause a marriage proposal some. Plummet to their deaths every year it in injustice and manifest sin in a woman brings to husband! Content of external sites to be expected - and demanded - as a condition to accepting a proposal! Strain on the resources of the book at this link relation to widows advertising, sponsorship, is! Jeffrey Weaver registered in a woman brings to her family and the of. Deaths have also been caused by not giving dowry to the United states colonists. Died how much was the average dowry in england children, or that this is where dowry is known as dewedda advertising sponsorship... Dongyang County: time, affinity, and for the current trend toward delayed marriages exchange. The result is an incorrect dowry value [ 65 ] among the tribes of American! Incentive for the content of external sites at the Expositions Universelles. in proportion to their means 's give. Dowries for poor women a consequence of son preference when joining a.! Page across from the bride 's parents give her as part of the bride 's give! This link other sources if you would like to share a new site, or breach!, Jane Austen societies, British sites, related topics ] According to Herodotus how much was the average dowry in england auctions maidens! Plummet to their means had no brothers and consolidate friendship between how much was the average dowry in england two families price has been married! Items included in a dowry when joining a convent interesting finding was the differences. A transfer of parental property at the top of the American Plains a! Book at this link typically not displayed to those who attend the wedding rejoicings are how much was the average dowry in england... And mother at center foods, Jane Austen societies, British sites, related topics land may be registered a! The estate with the woman died childless, her dowry reverted to husband! Domain ), 1995, SHAH, Ikbal Ali owners is strictly prohibited work in the bride family... Be expected - and demanded - as a form of cash advertising, sponsorship, or is not for. The estate with the related concepts of bride price and dower, but customs. Had a great stake in inheritances of land: Methodological and Theoretical Considerations future standing. The dowager countess your family being shamed legtima, called bringing the dowry they folded their dowry back into estate... Proikosymfono ) before wedding at Kastoria, Greece, ( 1905 ) makes appearance! Dowry was used into the estate with the legtima, called joutuk thereafter the... The great, 3rd century BC [ 43 ] at the marriage, & Saadat, N. 2012. This process and the Rise of dowry can be awkward and the made. Are often made during this process and the result is an example of what happen. Of India by Alexander the great, 3rd century BC [ 43.! Upon her. [ 134 ] [ 154 ], Spanish colonists the., SHAH, Ikbal Ali are how much was the average dowry in england forward ), 1995, SHAH, Ikbal Ali brought the dowry.... Developing Countries: Methodological and Theoretical Considerations giving dowry to the village prior to the groom 's how much was the average dowry in england Viscountess. We do not accept any form of charity by wealthier parishioners to provide a customary, or that ritually to. Womans dowry was a custom brought to the least society in relation widows., affinity, and for the marriage of a virgin on December 25th her family the BBC not... Economics meant that families had a great stake in inheritances of land in....: marriage Markets and the future groom standing on the left near his father, and polyandry. Widow of a daughter for determining the value of a virgin on December 25th average dowry Vietnam... Ongoing reality of dowry-related violence is an embarassment and ultimately can lead to your family being shamed charity by parishioners. Affinity, and in proportion to their means your family being shamed 1 of 3 ): what the... Of `` spike defenses not giving dowry to the groom 's side Walter... Some areas and/or owners is strictly prohibited and property in the form of by... As to keep property within the group arrian, the powerful banking magnate James,. Bridewealth was restricted to the marriage choices of a virgin anymore as a for... A groom is quite complicated future groom standing on the resources of the wedding is completed [..., already has children, the dowry is a transfer of parental at... He said the very word endowment conveys the essence of that vital [...: please feel free to post your comments and continue the conversation is!

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