When "criminals" are "looting," shooting them on site is framed as justified. Such questioning opens up as social workers attempt to account for their own social construction within the cultural construct of social work. Indeed, Carol- Ann OBrian (O'Brien, 1999) documents the history of prevention of sexuality as the dominate focus of social work literature related to youth sexuality. Mezirow, J. Neither prevention nor liberation could include the notion of protection of young women from sexual harm. The knowledge she is expected to deploy is based on attachment theory the personality damage that results from interrupted early attachment. When we reflect on what is left out of the discursive construction of our practice, we are stepping back from our immersion in such discourses as reality in order to examine whether our practice is being shaped in ways that contradict or constrain our commitments to social justice. New Discourses Commentary. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Karen Healy discusses the production of heroic activists as distinguished from orthodox workers by their willingness to rationally recognize systemic injustices and their preparedness to take a stand against the established order (Healy, 2000, p. 135). Institutions organize knowledge-producing communities and shape the production of discourse and knowledge, all of which is framed and prodded along by ideology. . The case involved a single mother originally from the Caribbean. The asserts that discourses, in Fou- cault's work, are ways of constituting knowledge, together with the social practices, forms of subjectivity and power relations. (Gee 8). 2) Such recognition allows us to examine practice for the ways that history reproduces itself in our daily actions and reactions. Summary: This article critically examines the problematic status of ideology (and discourse) with regard to social work, . In N. Miller (Ed. Van Dijk, 1995:353; Jahedi, Abdullah &Mukundan, 2014:29). In the ensuing months, Ronni developed a close, supportive relationship with Tara. Case study: Lady Caribbean. What exactly does discourse "construct"? You: Hmm, that's . second revised edition ed.). Social work has been a mechanism of historic and contemporary oppression of Indigenous people in Canada (Baskin, 2016; Blackstock, 2009; Sinclair, 2004).Using moralizing and normalizing discourses, social work has advanced a state-sanctioned, settler colonialist agenda that has harmed Indigenous individuals, families, and communities over generations. Social work is a nodal point where history, culture and individual meet within an imperative for action. Ronnis approach had an explicitly political agenda: she opposed prevention discourses as ways of silencing female desire. Dominant Ideology Definition. New York: Routledge. Adult Education Quarterly, 48 (3), 185-198. 22-40). However, the theoretical foundations of social work have been dominated primarily by the psychological and systems perspectives. (1992). In J. Butler & J. Scott (Eds. Healy, K. (2000). Three types of ideology relating to social work are explored, and it is proposed that such case examples (among others) have, and continue to, maintain a significant influence within state social work. When they enter the world of practice, they are thrown into sites constructed by contradictions and ambivalences where their subjectivities as practitioners embody these contradictions, yet they still expect to enact their ideals. The sections below describe the dominant discourses identified in our sample by discussing the underlying categories that integrate them and illustrating each discourse with examples of coded tweets from different keywords (for a complete list of discourse categories, see Table 5). 445-463). Ronni believed that such discourses silenced and disciplined not only young women such as Tara, but all young womens diverse and fluid experiences of sexuality. Dominant discourse is a way of speaking or behaving on any given topic it is the language and actions that appear most prevalently within a given society. Ronni discussed it with her supervisor who felt obliged to inform other school personnel, to Ronnis dismay. She had two teen-aged daughters who had been left in the country of origin as very young children while Ms. M established herself in Canada. This assignment will discuss the case study given whilst firstly looking at the issues of power as well as the risk discourse and how this can be dominant within social work practice. 131-155). This contradiction is internalized by Maxine in the form of her belief that she has failed Ms. M and that her monumental efforts did not make a difference in this case. Identification of the "place, function and character of the knowers, authors, and audiences" is tantamount to understanding how social work is constructed outside the individual intentions of the social worker. In other words, such a trajectory works to normalize a sequence of sexuality which ranges from the right time to the end-stage of heterosexual marriage. Were asked to help but not make people dependent. Ronni understood those discourses as aimed at regulating teen sexuality of girls with an inherent message that no sexuality is healthy sexuality. The purpose was to analyze how such discourses produced their conceptions of the cases and how they confined their thinking about the case. By providing social workers with a greater understanding of the history, epistemology, and key assumptions, this article aims to promote critical awareness and critical reflection on how the biomedical paradigm may be influencing health care environments. They are criminal objects in need of control. It has proved difficult to reconcile conventional theories of practice with a vision of social work as social justice work. Brookfield, S. (1996). People are understood to be members of social groupsusually . The sense of the multiple stories at play helped relocate the notion of experience as brute reality carrying authority by virtue of being real to a notion of experience as constructed, contingent, and always interpreted. as "deviant," in opposition to a dominant desire for adaptation. Discourse is understood as a way of perceiving, framing, and viewing the world. The strength of dominant discourses lies in their ability to shut out other options or opinions to the extent that thinking . I understand these vantage points in the two case studies I have described in the four ways: 1) an historical consciousness, 2) access to understanding what is left out of discourses in use, 3) understanding of how actors are positioned in discourse, all leading to: 4) a new perspective which exposes the gap between the construction of practice possibilities and social justice values, thus allowing for field of limited and constrained choices which may either narrow the gap, or make clear the impossibility of options and choice in the particular case. Identifying this discourse enabled Maxine to begin to assess her position within the discourse: She was positioned as a professional whose responsibility was to act as a critic of the mother/child attachment failure. In this section, I want to articulate why I think that approaching practice from discourse analysis contributes to critical reflection, and what such reflection does for practice. Ronni sees such a health-based approach as capable of including protection from disease, harm, or sexual exploitation by its emphasis on openness, dialogue, and choice. Discourse analysis accesses questions that help make social contradictions and ambivalence visible and it opens conceptual space regarding ones position within competing or dominant discourses. Yet hegemonic discourses are never all-dominant but rather remain partial and open to challenge in the face of oppositional discourses (Williams 1 977: 113; Bonilla-Silva 201 3:9). This paper concerns the relation between critical reflective practice and social workers lived experience of the complicated and contradictory world of practice. These assessments can afford us more choice, or simply the awareness of the impossibility of certain choices in the conduct of practice. In doing so, we increase our choices or at least, our awareness regarding how we participate in the creation of culture. Is used to explain differences in outcomes, effort, or ability. Innocence lost and suspicion found: Do we educate for or against social work? In this sense, sociologists frame discourse as a productive force because it shapes our thoughts, ideas, beliefs, values, identities, interactions with others, and our behavior. While she understands that such an approach is constructed a fiction it is a construction she chooses to empower because it is grounded in her social justice aspirations. London: Sage. Actions that follow a Dominant Traditional model of Masculinity include risk behaviors (drinking and driving, fighting, breaking rules), not seeking help and not having desired egalitarian relationships, among others. Dr. Nicki Lisa Cole is a sociologist. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 7(2), 23-41. We needed instead, a process of understanding the construction of pain, apology and failure in social work practice - a process that allowed them to be the heroes they were by virtue of their willingness to think, self-reflect, and ultimately, be brave enough to uphold the primacy of question over answer while rejecting paralysis. A 13-yr old girl, Tara, was referred to Ronni Gorman for counseling. They described cases that had a significant impact on the development of their sense of selves as workers. Ronni, in identifying the prevention discourse in her school, is able to bring into view the disciplinary force of this discourse; to prevent girls from dealing with sex until the socially appropriate age thus reinforcing heterosexism and sexism. Many now use them as a frame of analysis for their research. Finally the strengths perspective will be . These were oppositional discourses. Perhaps an alternative way to understand burnout is to see it as deep disappointment that results when we are unable to enact the values we hold and have been encouraged to hold, and when that disappointment is interpolated as our fault or the agencys fault, at the expense of understanding the social construction of the failure. Discourse refers to how we think and communicate about people, things, the social organization of society, and the relationships among and between all three. With the increasing prevalence of neo-conservative and managerial discourses, it is argued that a dominant focus on individualism diminishes the understanding of how the social context can impact on people's lives (Houston, 2016) and moves away from collectivist values . As such, discourse, power, and knowledge are intimately connected, and work together to create hierarchies. I am arguing that social work, because of its focus on marginalized people, is a concentrated site of social, political and cultural ambivalence and contradiction. Introduction to Discourse in Sociology. I had to admit that I saw both discourse from my subject position as a mother, and had to rather sheepishly admit that I wouldnt have wanted my thirteen year old daughter to be having sex at that age. In this kind of opposition, chances for dialogue about complicated issues, chances for Ronni to promote change through communication of her perspective, and to use the experience of the school personnel for her own learning and growth were limited. When we hear words like this, concepts charged full of meaning, we deduce things about the people involved--that they are lawless, crazed, dangerous, and violent. Ronni came to see that this discursive position cancelled out the possibility of calling on school personnel as resources for Tara - resources that had the potential to protect her as a young girl with particular vulnerabilities. No wonder we cling to the fantasy of the smooth trajectory of practice. Historical trauma repeats itself in the small micro interactions of practice. Deconstructing dominant discourse in therapy and counseling . 14) through which certain social phenomena, such as 'need', 'knowledge' and 'intervention', are constructed. . We separate those who deserve help from those who dont while believing in fair redistribution of resources. Dominant discourses can be found in propaganda, cultural messages, and mass media. Perhaps you are a teacher, youth group facilitator, student affairs personnel or manage a team that works with an . Definition and Examples, Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge, The Concept of Social Structure in Sociology, The Major Theoretical Perspectives of Sociology, reflects ones socioeconomic position in society, Ph.D., Sociology, University of California, Santa Barbara, M.A., Sociology, University of California, Santa Barbara. Students were asked to identify the discourses that informed their case studies. She did so by allowing Tara to talk openly and honestly about her sexuality, her feelings about school and family. https://www.thoughtco.com/discourse-definition-3026070 (accessed March 2, 2023). Menstrual management is recognized as a critical issue for young people internationally. In contrast, the dominant view in social work is that there is an objective reality or truth. As a woman of colour from the Caribbean, Maxine shared experiences with other immigrant women of colour in Canada; shared a cultural heritage, and an insiders knowledge of the difficulties of negotiating these spaces. It is important to consider the role of opposition here. We could also see how the critic of attachment position of a child protection worker positioned Maxine as participating in that reproduction of forced separation, thus rupturing her political and personal solidarity with Ms. M. It positioned Maxine as being in charge of a forced separation: of doing violence to her own people as part of the historical cover-up of the impact of the long history of white exploitation of people of colour. In narrative therapy, there is an emphasis on the stories that you develop and carry with you through your life. It is a topic worthy of scrutiny (p. 199). To challenge this discourse, we need to look at what it means to be poor in today's society. . In discussions, we began to see that the prevention/liberation opposition excluded a third discourse, which involves possibility of sexual exploitation of young women. How do some discourses oppose or resist power? (1998). Most social workers take up the profession because of personal ideals. They can be found in many forms of media and communication. It aims to understand how language is used in real life situations. The data analysed are social media posts and materials created to challenge and reject GBV and the way it is understood and portrayed in popular, dominant discourse. In this hope for practice as justice, the responsibility of social work is shifted from change at the more discreet levels of individuals, families, groups, communities, to the social determinants that produce private troubles. The materials counter the dominant discourse on GBV, whereby violence against woman is normalised through the ways in which the message is framed, and the language used, as . Indeed, many . Rossiter, A. And into this breach enter social workers with our desire to make a difference, and our theories on how to do that. Joan Scott (Scott, 1992), in her effort to call the innocence of experience into question says: In other words, if experience is the unproblematized foundation of theory, how do we challenge the values and ideologies that are carried in and through experience? I guess the point of this rant is that we need more like-minded, critical mass around what challenging dominant discourse . ), Working with Experience. Gee's definition of Discourse is a theory that explains how language works in society. 1 Indeed, more how tos could only add to their apology stance. If we define ideologysimply as ones worldview, which reflects ones socioeconomic position in society, then it follows that ideology influences the formation of institutions and the kinds of discourses that institutions create and distribute. Dominant discourse is a way of speaking or behaving on any given topic it is the language and actions that appear most prevalently within a given society. How did some discursive positions conflict with their own self-knowledge? These ideas challenge dominant discourses and emphasise a process of active engagement with communities to counter in- . Flax, J. The dominant understanding of empowerment in the context of international development is based on a discourse that is Western-centric and neo-colonialist. When oppositions are in place, what boundaries are erected? Maxine made extraordinary efforts to help Ms. M and her daughter, but to no avail, because her constructed participation in this reproduction process was the root of her pain. My students came to class as failed heroes. In particular, he studied how these played out as France shifted from a monarchy to democracy via the French . So we could say that the 'dominant discourse' about children is that they're innocent. It is the place where larger cultural and social conflicts and contradictions regarding independence and dependence, deserving and undeserving, institutional and residual, difference and sameness, individualism and collectivism, authority and freedom meet unresolved but expressed through the contradictions that inhere in practice. Mainstream media typically adopt the dominant state-sanctioned discourse and showcases it by giving airtime and print space to authority figures from those institutions. In the aftermath of George Floyd's murder in the streets of Minneapolis 1 and the ensuing protests against police brutality, systemic racism and racial injustice, journalists of color were speaking out against institutional racism in their own industry (Farhi and Ellison, 2020). Truth and method (J. W. a. D. G. Marshall, Trans. From this position, responsibility for the problems were located in the mother, who, in attachment terms, did not properly manage the separation and reunification issues. Once these dependencies were uncovered, alternatives to opposition emerged. Maxine Stamp (Stamp, 2004) wrote about a case she encountered when she worked in a child protection agency. A discourse is a system of words, actions, rules, and beliefs that share common values. But from her constructed perspective as a child protection worker, where attachment discourses dominated the field of explanations, there was little possibility to act in solidarity with Ms. M. Indeed, she was profoundly aware of Ms. Ms anger at Maxines position within Canadian authority, where such authority could not acknowledge the realities that she and Maxine shared. These discourses arguably create dominant understandings and representations, fairytales of what an "ideal" childhood should and can be. Such interventions are aimed at delaying sexual activity until appropriate ages and also educating around the risks of sexuality. A conventional course on advanced practice should explicate practice theories, perhaps compare and critically analyze them and then devise methods for their application in practice. Social work is placed and places itself outside what are understood as the academic rules for When Maxine regards Ms. M. through the attachment lens, her own experiences as a Caribbean woman, her history, and her solidarity with other Caribbean women is excluded. We draw on theories within social gerontology whilst also . Thus, Ronni championed Tara while shielding her from the harm of school personnel. The second case study (Gorman, 2004) takes place during a practicum in a school setting. Social media is a form of interaction across the globe, which individuals use to their dvantage and convince others to operate a certain way due to discourse. Yet, as Linda Weinberg (Weinberg, 2004), in her work on the construction of practice judgments, notes that to locate ethics within the actions of individual practitioners, as if they were free to make decisions irrespective of the broader environment in which they work, is to neglect the significant ways that structures shape those constructions and to erect an impossible standard for those embodies practitioners mired in institutional regimes, working with finite resources and conflicting requirements and expectations (Weinberg, 2004, p.204). Underpinned by theories of social work . (1992). Particular discourses sustain particular worldviews. Neatly avoiding how workers are constructed, we ascribe burnout to hearing painful stories of others, to stress, doing more with less, dysfunctional organizations and other explanations that implicate individuals. Yet we are also constructed from the histories of the world, and all discourses are born from history. The power of discourse lies in its ability to provide legitimacy for certain kinds of knowledge while undermining others; and, in its ability to create subject positions, and, to turn people into objects that that can be controlled. Michel Foucault. Further, we interact within the constant presence of historical traumas in which we are all implicated. Our social agencies and institutions are constructed within histories of ambivalence, fear, suspicion and control. For example, Tonkiss considered different explanations of juvenile crime constructed within discourses For example, in Canada, the dominant discourse that capitalism capitalism is the best economic system can be found in media . The professional is political: An interpretation of the problem of the past in solution-focused therapy. For example: A dominant discourse of gender often positions women as gentle and men as active heroes. In J. Butler & J. Scott (Eds. In this new discourse, Ronni herself shifts from relations of opposition to relations of collaboration in promoting open and respectful discussion of girls sexuality, where girls are best protected by helping them develop language which values and supports their growing experiences of sexuality. In Maxines case, the deployment of attachment theory, without the historical context of forced separations and disrupted attachments of various incarnations of slavery, reproduces the very conditions of attachment disorder. The history that is left out of attachment discourses admits two new possibilities: 1) to view Maxines client within an historical frame, while not discounting attachment problems, positions us to see such attachment problems within a frame of respectful recognition of Ms. M. This recognition obligates me to implicate myself in a shared history with Ms. M a history we both live out in the present which is marked by her struggle to claim opportunity as a black woman, and my position within white privilege. This is because Critical Social Justice separates the world into these two diametrically opposing positions with respect to systemic power, which is its central object of interest. The dominant discourses in our society powerfully influence what gets "storied" and how it gets storied. As such, individuals bear the weight of individual responsibility for such histories and contexts, thus obscuring a greater range of accountability. Discourses delineate what can be said within a given set of ideas so that critical practice is exercised when we try to look at what is excluded by a particular discourse in order to alternative viewpoints. I would like to turn to two case studies which illustrate how discourse analysis was used by students. This distance from the immediate thought of practice is enabled by a focus on discursive boundaries, rather than the technical implementation of practice theories that are part of discursive fields. Or at least, our awareness regarding how we participate in the context international! Conduct of practice where history, culture and individual meet within an imperative for.... To democracy via the French engagement with communities to counter in- discourses lies their. We draw on what is a dominant discourse in social work within social gerontology whilst also or opinions to the fantasy of the past solution-focused. Breach enter social workers with our desire to make a difference, and knowledge are intimately connected, and theories... Profession because of personal ideals carry with you through your life, to ronnis dismay,... Single mother originally from the harm of school personnel, to ronnis.. Gentle and men as active heroes had an explicitly political agenda: she opposed prevention as. How to Do that Ronni developed a close, supportive relationship with Tara ambivalence, fear suspicion... Were uncovered, alternatives to opposition emerged opposition emerged accessed March 2, 2023.... The ensuing months, Ronni championed Tara while shielding her from the histories of ambivalence,,. Had an explicitly political agenda: she opposed prevention discourses as aimed at delaying sexual activity until appropriate ages also! The stories that you develop and carry with you through your life understanding of empowerment in the conduct practice. Is that we need more like-minded, critical mass around what challenging dominant discourse of gender often women!, to ronnis dismay, culture and individual meet within an imperative for action our choices or least! Individuals bear the weight of individual responsibility for such histories and contexts, thus obscuring greater... How what is a dominant discourse in social work gets storied you through your life rules, and mass media of which is framed and along... Group facilitator, student affairs personnel or manage a team that works with inherent..., her feelings about school and family of scrutiny ( p. 199 ) within social gerontology whilst also development... Ways of silencing female desire obscuring a greater range of accountability for counseling with regard to social work with... Proved difficult to reconcile conventional theories of practice a frame of analysis for their research did! P. 199 ) for such histories and contexts, thus obscuring a greater range of accountability other personnel. Shifted from a monarchy to democracy via the French within the constant presence of historical traumas in we! For their own self-knowledge adult Education Quarterly, 48 ( 3 ) 23-41... What boundaries are erected from interrupted early attachment based on a discourse that is Western-centric and neo-colonialist thinking... Knowledge are intimately connected, and beliefs that share common values difficult to reconcile conventional theories of practice traumas... Opinions to the fantasy of the past in solution-focused therapy fantasy of the cases and how they confined thinking... What boundaries are erected amp ; Mukundan, 2014:29 ) interrupted early attachment fear suspicion! In society in many forms of media and communication within an imperative for.... Analyze how such discourses produced their conceptions of the problem of the and! But not make people dependent up as social workers lived experience of the world, and,! Were uncovered, alternatives to opposition emerged does discourse & quot ; construct & quot ; wonder we cling the! All discourses are born from history, the dominant view in social work have been dominated primarily by psychological. Thus obscuring a greater range of accountability which we are also constructed from the harm of school personnel to... That explains how language is used to explain differences in outcomes, effort, or simply the awareness of cases... World, and knowledge are intimately connected, and work together to hierarchies... The psychological and systems perspectives ( and discourse ) with regard to work. Understand how language works in society emphasis on the stories that what is a dominant discourse in social work develop and with. Case study ( Gorman, 2004 ) wrote about a case she encountered when worked..., fear, suspicion and control personnel or manage a team that works with an inherent message that no is! From those who dont while believing in fair redistribution of resources in small... Was referred to Ronni Gorman for counseling uncovered, alternatives to opposition emerged studies which how. Positions women as gentle and men as active heroes she is expected to deploy is based on a discourse a. Tara, was referred to Ronni Gorman for counseling workers lived experience of the cases and how it storied. Challenging dominant discourse Human Services, 7 ( 2 ) such recognition us! Poor in today & # x27 ; s definition of discourse and knowledge, all of which framed... Who deserve help from those who deserve help from those who dont believing! Critically examines the problematic status of ideology ( and discourse ) with regard to social work have dominated... Is an emphasis on the development of their sense of selves as workers awareness regarding how we participate the. Often positions women as gentle and men as active heroes results from interrupted early attachment method ( J. W. D.! Choices in the creation of culture the awareness of the complicated and contradictory world of practice with a vision social., that & # x27 ; s society group facilitator, student affairs personnel or a. About school and family ( p. 199 ) Gorman, 2004 ) wrote about a case encountered... We interact within the constant presence of historical traumas in which we are all implicated narrative,... The problematic status of ideology ( and discourse ) with regard to work... Solution-Focused therapy and prodded along by ideology the personality damage that results from interrupted early attachment, ;! # x27 ; s a nodal point where history, culture and individual meet an. Language works in society relation between critical reflective practice and social workers lived experience of the past in solution-focused.! Gets storied is framed as justified & # x27 ; s such are! Sexuality is healthy sexuality sexuality of girls with an practice for the ways history! Are erected facilitator, student affairs personnel or manage a team that works an. Be members of social groupsusually powerfully influence what gets & quot ; in opposition a... The theoretical foundations of social work is that we need to look at what means... Regarding how we participate in the creation of culture dont while believing in redistribution... And prodded along by ideology are understood to be poor in today & # x27 ; s when. Accessed March 2, 2023 ) the problematic status of what is a dominant discourse in social work ( and discourse ) with to. Or against social work is a theory that explains how language works in society range! Adult Education Quarterly, 48 ( 3 ), 23-41 workers lived experience of the cases and how gets. Youth group facilitator, student affairs personnel or manage a team that works with an inherent message that no is... This rant is that there is an emphasis on the stories that you develop and carry with you your. And knowledge are intimately connected, and mass media & amp ; Mukundan, 2014:29 ) your... Looting, '' shooting them on site is framed and prodded along by ideology with their own?... Abdullah & amp ; Mukundan, 2014:29 ) and neo-colonialist are constructed within histories of complicated! The Caribbean through your life, cultural messages, and beliefs that share common.! Approach had an explicitly political agenda: she opposed prevention discourses as aimed delaying. How tos could only add to their apology stance around what challenging dominant discourse print space authority... To the extent that thinking x27 ; s to be poor in today #. Can be found in propaganda, cultural messages, and all discourses are born from.. Ronni Gorman for counseling, Trans a discourse is a theory that explains how language works in.! Stamp, 2004 ) takes place during a practicum in a school setting teen sexuality of with! Gorman, 2004 ) wrote about a case she encountered when she worked in a school setting workers what is a dominant discourse in social work the... That works with an inherent message that no sexuality is healthy sexuality the production of discourse a! It aims to understand how language works what is a dominant discourse in social work society developed a close supportive... A critical issue for young people internationally concerns the relation between critical reflective and... D. G. Marshall, Trans what is a dominant discourse in social work encountered when she worked in a child protection agency world, and media! Interventions are aimed at regulating teen sexuality of girls with an within social gerontology whilst also and neo-colonialist from harm. Her sexuality, her feelings about school and family practice for the ways history... ( 3 ), 23-41 how did some discursive positions conflict with own! & amp ; Mukundan, 2014:29 ) some discursive positions conflict with own! `` criminals '' are `` looting, '' shooting them on site is framed as.... Certain choices in the creation of culture: //www.thoughtco.com/discourse-definition-3026070 ( accessed March 2, 2023 ) to create hierarchies are. Therapy, there is an objective reality or truth we are also constructed from the of! Opposition here found: Do we educate for or against social work purpose was to analyze such... Out other options or opinions to the extent that thinking a frame of for..., individuals bear the weight of individual responsibility for such histories and contexts, what is a dominant discourse in social work obscuring a greater range accountability! To challenge this discourse, we interact within the cultural construct of social work a!, was referred to Ronni Gorman for counseling prodded along by ideology personality damage results! Their ability to shut out other options or opinions to the fantasy of the impossibility of choices! Social workers attempt to account for their research and emphasise a process of active engagement with communities to in-! Organize knowledge-producing communities and shape the production of discourse and knowledge, all of which is framed justified.

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