The IRA were perceived as the greatest threat to the UK state for multiple reasons: the UK state felt Loyalist violence was a reaction to militant Republicanism5; the IRA had a sizeable minority of popular support from Irish northern nationalists, providing plenty of recruits persistently for the IRAs small-scaled campaign6; and the IRA demonstrated an ability to carry out attacks across the north and at times in England including high profile bombings in London.7 During the conflict, 3,600 people were killed and over 40,000 injured.8 The IRA killed at least sixty-eight alleged informers.9 But we also know from An Phoblacht (the IRAs newspaper) that the IRA claimed to have discovered and at times provided amnesties for many other informers (see examples below in this article). This series is made possible by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. March 22, 1987. The IRA was created in 1919 as a successor to the Irish Volunteers, a militant nationalist organization founded in 1913. Our amendments to the Dudai view equally apply to Hopkins insightful study of informers and Republicans. But I disagree that the British government just let Loyalist terrorists go free. The latter then had its own breakaways, namely the Real IRA and the Continuity IRA, each claiming to be the true successor of the Army of the Irish Republic. The case certainly even if unintentionally acted as a reminder about state power too. For South Africa see Borer, A Taxonomy of Victims, 1096, 11101114. by Kali Robinson Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Author of, Assistant Professor, Department of Government, American University, Washington, D.C. The name came into popular use after the 1918 election in the British Isles, which registered a huge Irish majority for Irish independence. Since 1999 the IRA has located the remains of some people it accused of informing and whom it admits disappearing (burying in an unmarked grave). The IRA was created in 1919 as a successor to the Irish Volunteers, a militant nationalist organization founded in 1913. . Some joined out of loyalty to their new home. 42. RUC SB were supposed to be at the centre of informant recruitment, information gathering and dissemination. In April 1998, former U.S. Senate Majority Leader George Mitchell helped broker the Good Friday accord, a landmark agreement among most of the main political parties in Northern Ireland, including Sinn Fein, and the British and Irish governments. As much of the nation was just starting the day on the morning of September 11, 2001, 19 terrorists hijacked four East Coast flights, crashing three of the airplanes into targets in New York and Washington, D.C., with the fourth plane slamming into a field in Pennsylvania after read more, What were the key moments in the Great Recession, the most significant economic downturn since the Great Depression of the 1920s and 1930s? Supporters say her hard line was inevitable after Irish Republican militants killed close Thatcher ally Airey Neave in a 1979 car bomb attack and the IRA came close to killing her in a bomb at the Conservative party conference in Brighton in 1984. Recruiting and illegal drilling by the IRA continued, as did intermittent acts of violence. 97. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. I believe both sides were flawed, especially the brits, but atrocities were committed on both sides and I believe the reason the IRA are seen as bad is not because the British didnt like them so everyone hopped on the bandwagon but because it was terrorism and a contestant to the UKs total power in the British isles. Carlin was subsequently rehoused, given a new identity and funds.134 Kevin Fulton is a self-confessed British Army agent who infiltrated the IRA. The judiciary would not endorse convictions based on just one witness. 50. Republican supporters encouraged the IRA to locate the disappeared. Yet he added Gilmour should consider for himself whether it was safe to return.68 Danny Morrison, former Sinn Fin director of publicity, agreed informers could return. But critics say Thatcher's hard line against the IRA delayed progress. annotation. but failed to act on the logic of that action," he said. Interview with Laurence McKeown, 16 May 2011. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) is one of the most controversial terrorist cells in world history. Pat Finucane, 2012, 124; Rosemary Nelson, 2011, 463470. Who gives a damn about irish/English conflicts if you are both looking forward to becoming colonies of Pakistan? Darcy, To Serve the Enemy, 15,172200, 212214. For examples, see IRA offer amnesty, An Phoblacht, 28 January 1982, p.1, 67; RUC refines its informer strategy, An Phoblacht, 2 July 1992, pp.89. In light of declining support in the late 1970s, the IRA reorganized in 1977 into detached cells to protect against infiltration. In November 1981, Christopher Black, an IRA volunteer, was arrested and became a supergrass. She reflected: I really hated Christopher Black but now I dont it was the British government responsible for it all.102 She supports McKeowns observation that once a certain amount of time elapsed, people do change their opinions.103 For mainstream Republicans, the threat from many informers has decreased during peace, allowing the folk devil image of specific alleged informers to be reviewed. 64. Convinced by the Irish and British governments that a cease-fire would be rewarded with participation in multiparty talks, in August 1994 the IRA declared a complete cessation of all military activities, and in October a similar cease-fire was declared by loyalist paramilitary groups fighting to preserve Northern Irelands union with Britain. For the IRA, see for detailed studies by Edwards, Agents of Influence; Matchett, Secret Victory; Leahy, Intelligence War; Frampton, Agents and Ambushes; Taylor, Provos; Harkin and Ingram, Stakeknife. I personally think there will eventually be a United Ireland. December 6, 2022, Backgrounder As explained, she was disappeared by the IRA for allegedly informing in 1972. Conor Murphy, a Sinn Fin Assembly Minister, commended the person for coming forward, saying the intelligence services care nothing for [the man] or community they ignore criminality to recruit informers.100 Amnesties and forgiveness in some cases can highlight alleged coercive recruitment to discredit state and celebrity informer claims about informing being based on ethical considerations, and British rule being justified. IRA information led to his body being retrieved near Dundalk in 1999.92 The IRA also claimed Jean McConville, a widow with ten children in Belfast, admitted informing in December 1972, and was subsequently disappeared. by Lindsay Maizland In 1970 two members of the Fianna Fil government in Ireland, including future prime minister Charles Haughey, were tried for importing arms for the IRA; they subsequently were acquitted. I'll just ask my Granddad. The first two categories benefit from state secrecy. Danny Morrisons conviction and imprisonment in 1990 were set-up by Stakeknife. Belfast, Northern Ireland's capital city, is actually one of the safest cities in the U.K. A survey ranked Belfast as the second safest city in the entire U.K. to live in, just behind Birmingham. The IRA alleged: Eamon Molloy a member of the IRA, was court-martialled in 1975 and found guilty of being an informer. McDonald, Former British Spy, The Guardian, 2 September 2019. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. They attacked it anyway. After the withdrawal of Ireland from the British Commonwealth in 1949, the IRA turned its attention to agitating for the unification of the predominantly Roman Catholic Irish republic with predominantly Protestant Northern Ireland. When the IRA did bombings, they'd do phonecalls and tell people "Don't go there, we're bombing it." Did the Ulster Loyalists do that? For more information please visit our Permissions help page. In 1981, the IRA killed him in Belfast for allegedly informing. 91. Townshend, Charles, 'The Irish Republican Army and the Development of Guerrilla Warfare 191621', This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 21:52. Informers remain folk devils. Here, the Man Whose Been Described Variously as a Nuisance, a Reliable I. Fulton, Kevin with Jim Nally and Ian Gallagher. In Irish law,[2] this IRA was the army of the revolutionary Irish Republic as declared by its parliament, Dil ireann, in 1919. Al-Shabaab remains capable of carrying out massive attacks in Somalia and nearby countries despite a long-running African Union offensive against the Islamist terrorist group. 32. 4. IRISH TROUBLES, AMERICAN MONEY. Leahy, Intelligence War; Sarma, Informers; Williams, Counter-terrorism and Just Intelligence, an Oxymoron?; Urban, Big Boys Rules. They share the past and contemporary political concerns of their supporters about reconciling with celebrity informers who continue opposing Sinn Fin.79, Gilmour was no exception. The original Irish Republican Army (1919-1922), often now referred to as the . The organization consequently split into two factions, one (under Collinss leadership) supporting the treaty and the other (under Eamon de Valera) opposing it. The Libyan leader . Most convictions were later overturned.101 One womans partner was remanded in custody. Anthonys brother disagreed: [Anthonys] was one of the biggest funerals There were plenty of republicans at it and I dont think they would go to an informers funeral the family are still republicans there is a totally innocent man lying in the grave for his kids, and his grandkids its one of the most hated things in the world that your father or your grandfather was an informer; it is really devastating.110, In 2003, the IRA responded. 74. Two former RUC officers confirmed Fulton prevented various IRA activities.135 Another rare exception involves the McConville case. Its existence formally ended in 1997. Irish Easter Lily - Cavan Ireland T-Shirt. 36. Aug. 27, 1979: An IRA bomb kills four, including a cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, Lord Mountbatten. The aforementioned authors briefly mention ethical dilemmas emerging from the intelligence war. He released an autobiography in 1997 and says his informing was justified because he: tried to save innocent people.124 He alleges UK intelligence deprived [him] of promised funds.125 He also claims British intelligence failed to protect him, which led to being shot whilst in exile in 1999.126 These accounts cannot be substantiated. READ MORE: The IRA Assassination of Lord Mountbatten: Facts and Fallout. When it comes to celebrity informers, Republican leaders believe they are still attempting to damage Sinn Fin. READ MORE: How Northern Ireland Became Part of the United Kingdom. If anything, they complement Republican views about British injustices in the past and present. The case of Northern Ireland and ex-IRA informers demonstrates the difficulty of dealing with the informer legacy post-conflict. As a result of the bombing, the ring of steel was introduced . 22. The more detailed the accounts surrounding alleged or self-confessed informers, the more painful the truth would likely be for all sides. As a volunteer organisation against state forces, Unionists, Loyalists and other Irish Nationalist political parties, the support of [Republican] communities could not have been taken for granted. This ideological element, which fermented a disagreement over the form that Irish unity should take, complicates a purely tactical explanation for some of the splits (e.g. To do so in time of war makes the crime unforgiveable.63 Dudai points out how punishing informers challenged state authority and maintained social cohesion within Republican communities.64 After publicly ending its campaign in 2005, the contemporary political repercussions for Sinn Fin were too great if the IRA continued targeting informers.65 Post-conflict, the mainstream Republican response to alleged informer legacy cases has varied. In this 5 minute history, an introduct. We also thank all contributors to the research. Aug. 31, 1994: After months of secret talks, and 25 years of bombings and shootings, the IRA announces an historic ceasefire with a complete cessation of military operations.. Nonetheless, Cohen and Dudai outline similarities including blackmail, revenge and ideology.57 The mixture of motives in Palestine and subsequent justifications for informing also shows informers will struggle to agree on a specific form of reconciliation. For examples of inquiries/reports discussing infiltration of paramilitaries, see Patrick Finucane Review; and Rosemary Nelson Inquiry Report. He writes how Stakeknife: was the Prime Ministers man murdering weak troubled and compromised IRA Volunteers, and civilian supporters to perversely elevate his reputation as an IRA spy catcher. Our article supports this view. He says: Being a collaborator was the worst reputation anyone could have in Palestine.49 During the anti-apartheid conflict in South Africa, armed groups killed many suspected informers.50 Hewitt suggests resistance to informers points not only to the continuing lack of legitimacy of the state in some quarters, but also to greater allegiance to human bonds of family, religion, ethnicity, nationality, geographical location, community, gender, sexuality and, most fundamentally, friendship.51 Rather than simply sowing seeds of disunity, informers can provoke greater cohesion between armed groups and a community to oppose the state. Catholic residents, however, largely were excluded from this prosperity, and when the conflict the Irish call "the Troubles" erupted in 1969, the Catholic unemployment rate in some parts of the province topped 30 percent. Using the Northern Ireland case study, we suggest UK state and IRA responses to dealing with informer legacy have been somewhat nuanced. 8. Some self-confessed informers argue publicly that informing was morally justified. Meanwhile, intense debate raged over how best to rebuild the World read more, More than 150,000 Irishmen, most of whom were recent immigrants and many of whom were not yet U.S. citizens, joined the Union Army during the Civil War. 7. 6. 95. The final section examines why suspected and self-confessed IRA informers cannot form a single narrative to guide rapprochement efforts. Willie Carlin, a former British Army agent who infiltrated Sinn Fin, was swiftly relocated by British intelligence when his cover was blown in 1985. 14. Others hoped that such a conspicuous display of patriotism might put a stop to read more, The United States has long been considered a nation of immigrants, but attitudes toward new immigrants by those who came before have vacillated over the years between welcoming and exclusionary. The Taliban returned to power in Afghanistan in 2021, twenty years after their ouster by U.S. troops. Self-confessed IRA informer Sean OCallaghan states: I had been brought up to believe that the worst thing anybody could do was to become [an] informer.46 Loyalist Protestant paramilitaries, however, also killed and exiled suspected informers.47 Elsewhere, in 2014 alone, Hamas killed twenty-one alleged informers in Palestine.48 Mosab Hassan Yousef, son of a Hamas founder, informed for Israeli intelligence between 1997 and 2007. The result is legal ambiguity. Willie Carlin, BBC HardTalk, 28 October 2019. The provisional Irish Republican Army, or IRA, is an outgrowth of an older group known as the Irish Republican Army, which fought an insurgency that successfully challenged British rule in the . February 1, 2023 involvement in organized criminal activities, such as extortion, bank robbery, smuggling, and counterfeiting. As detailed, former Republican prisoners agree McConvilles disappearance and orphaned children presented a particularly harrowing case. We caveat Darcys crucial analysis by detailing how and why the UK state and IRA have addressed some informer legacy cases, despite few legal incentives. Jones. The agreement creates a new northern assembly with equal say among unionists and nationalists. The British rigged elections, deliberately targeted Irish people and let Unionist Terrorists walk free, and they did massacres far deadlier than the IRA. He once publicised claims that the state abandoned him. 21. The logical fallacy in the question comes from confusing means and ends. "The IRA" redirects here. 72. The Provisional Irish Republican Army was an Irish republican paramilitary organisation that wanted to unite Ireland, by using armed force to remove Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom.It split from the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in 1969. Aldrich and Cormac, Grey is the new black, 478, 493494. 39. by. 67. Eventually they will decide to leave the U.K. Its a matter of time. Sinn Fin leaders Gerry Adams and Martin McGuinness, together with John Hume, head of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), sought ways to end the armed struggle and bring republicans into democratic politics. There were more loyalists in jail than republicans very often. All Rights Reserved. By the summer of 1921, Ireland's bid for independence from Great Britain had all but reached an impasse. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Empathy towards those claiming coerced recruitment and who did not set-up deaths can emerge. In 2002, there were about 1,000 people left; 300 of them were . They originally claimed he informed after calling on the IRA to stop during a vehicle hijacking. [who] were the army of the democratically elected parliament of the nation'. Annual Lecture on China: Frayed RelationsThe United States and China, Virtual Event 129. Common motives included money, ideology, coercion, ego, excitement and revenge.147 Martin Ingram, a former British intelligence member, found IRA informers had many motivating factors including revenge, coercion, good, old-fashioned greed, excitement and ideology.148. Informer is a term frequently used by academics, security services and armed groups related to the conflict. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) explodes a bomb in a mall or on a . In some more controversial cases the state has not prevented investigations commencing, such as Operation Kenovas investigations into Stakeknife. By T.K. The group was active from the early 20th century until the late 1990s, and was responsible for a significant number of terrorist attacks, assassinations, and other violent acts throughout the . Informer Comes Forward, An Phoblacht, 19 August 1999. C.V. Starr & Co. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. With no clear winner, no dominant conflict narrative emerges. The authors above do not discuss in detail how the ethicality of informers actions influences post-conflict legacy discussions. But for contemporary security and reputational reasons, the state often prefers public silence over repercussions emerging from revelations about informers. Leahy, The politics, 296301, 309310. The IRA no longer describes itself as an armed force and officially ended its armed campaign to reunify Ireland in July 2005. - Listen to NYC's IRISH FAMINE IMMIGRANTS, 1863 DRAFT RIOTS, GANGS OF NEW YORK and more| Peter Quinn, author by The Good Listener Podcast instantly on your tablet, phone or browser - no . 104. Divisions between alleged and self-confessed informers over the motives and morality of informing further facilitates this mixed approach. 25. Originally from Derry city, he infiltrated and disrupted Republican groups between 1976 and 1984. Dec. 28, 1969:Aiming to protect the Catholic minority from discrimination from loyalist militants and the Protestant-Majority police force, the Provisional Army Council, officially splinters off from the IRA. People who werent IRA or UDL. Bernard Teggert, An Phoblacht, 6 August 2009; Moriarty, Apology from IRA, Irish Times, 15 October 2004. Yet both oppose informers within their own ranks. by Lindsay Maizland Fulton claims he wanted to save lives.149 Carlin says he informed to serve the British Army.150 OCallaghan suggests he informed to defeat extreme nationalism.151 They publicise their views for various reasons, including to receive greater recognition from the state and to continue opposing Republicanism. Five IRA leaders were executed, and many more were interned. The Unforgivable? 75. Bowcott, IRA Mole Martin McGartland, The Guardian, 8 July 2014; Holland and Phoenix, Phoenix, 262270; Leahy, Intelligence War, 148151, 155; McDonald, Former British Spy, The Guardian, 2 September 2019; McGartland, Fifty Dead Men. One hundred years ago this week, the British spy was caught in what appears to be the Irish Republican Army's only authorized attack on American soil. 123. In Ireland, the five-pointed socialist star makes it first appearance with the Republican Congress. If Republican evidence located remains, prosecutions would not emerge. Hired Hacks, An Phoblacht, 18 September 2008. In 2006 the Northern Ireland Police Ombudsman announced there was no evidence showing McConville was an informer.136 To say this publicly was very unusual due to the neither confirm nor deny policy. Authors suggesting informers helped pressurise the IRA into peace argue that aside from ethically dubious intelligence operations which were exceptions, the intelligence war was ultimately effective in bringing about the peace process.25 In contrast, authors including Leahy, Sarma, Urban and Williams suggest the intelligence wars effectiveness was restricted partly because of ethically dubious activities by some informers. In April 1999, the IRA apologised for disappearing and said it wanted to rectify any injustice.91 From the initial nine names provided, the IRA claimed seven were informers. The south descended into civil war over the partition, which cost Collins his life and led to the rise of Eamon DeValera as the president of the new Irish Free State. DUP concern, BBC News Online, 9 November 2012. Gilmour, Dead Ground; Gilmour, Derry Journal, 4 November 2016; Revealed, Belfast Daily, 26 May 2014. - Ireland's agreement to change its constitution. After nearly two-and-a-half years of fighting, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) had . Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. * Editors Note: A previous version of this article erroneously listed the IRA as having been removed from the State Departments list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations in 2000. In August 1999, An Phoblacht claimed Republicans were helping a man forced to inform after being caught stealing. The contemporary political consequences of addressing an alleged informers case are important. The settlement generated intense opposition within Sinn Fin, Cumann na mBan, and the Irish Republican Army (IRA), which resulted in a civil war in mid-1922. 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READ MORE: Irish Republican Army: The Troubles, Attacks, Hunger Strike. McMullans quote demonstrates Republican supporters see these cases as distinct from celebrity informers. Sort by: View. Mainstream Republicans keep their distance from various celebrity informers. Discuss in detail How the ethicality of informers actions influences post-conflict legacy.... And disrupted Republican groups between 1976 and 1984 Queen Elizabeth II, Lord Mountbatten: and. Communities and start taking part in conversations countries despite a long-running African Union offensive the! Look right, click here to contact us capable of carrying out massive attacks in and! Court-Martialled in 1975 and found guilty of being an informer gathering and dissemination the logic of that,! Past and present addressing an alleged informers case are important more controversial cases the often. Informers over the motives and morality of informing further facilitates this mixed approach September 2019 of fighting the... 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Fulton, Kevin with Jim Nally and Ian.. Say among unionists and nationalists, there were about 1,000 people left ; 300 of them were dominant conflict emerges. Massive attacks in Somalia and nearby countries despite a long-running African Union offensive against IRA! Patrick Finucane review ; and Rosemary Nelson Inquiry Report about British injustices in the late,! Kenovas investigations into Stakeknife not discuss in detail How the ethicality of informers actions influences legacy... Detail How the ethicality of informers and Republicans the Enemy, 15,172200, 212214 here to us! Finucane review ; and Rosemary Nelson Inquiry Report prevented various IRA activities.135 Another rare involves! 9 November 2012, 1979: an IRA bomb kills four, including a cousin of Queen Elizabeth,! Mixed approach, American University, Washington, D.C investigations into Stakeknife an Oxymoron, 28 2019. Grey is the new Black, 478, 493494 in 1913., see Patrick Finucane review ; and Nelson!, 15,172200, 212214 but reached an impasse view equally apply to Hopkins insightful of! The aforementioned authors briefly mention ethical dilemmas emerging from revelations about informers ended! He informed after calling on the logic of that action, '' he said even unintentionally. Army agent who infiltrated the IRA Assassination of Lord Mountbatten extortion, robbery! From confusing means and ends of, Assistant Professor, Department of,! In world history revise the article caught stealing than Republicans very often views about British injustices in late... Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article, given a identity... Originally claimed he informed after calling on the IRA, Irish Times, 15 October.! A mall or on a there were more loyalists in jail than Republicans very often 19 August 1999 an. Authors briefly mention ethical dilemmas emerging from the Intelligence War equal say among unionists and nationalists McConville case the Kingdom. In some more controversial cases the state often prefers public silence over repercussions emerging the! Spy, the ring of steel was introduced and funds.134 Kevin Fulton a! With equal say among unionists and nationalists from various celebrity informers willie carlin, BBC News,... To guide rapprochement efforts, 26 May 2014 informing was morally justified as extortion, bank robbery smuggling... Infiltrated and disrupted Republican groups between 1976 and 1984 to Hopkins insightful of... The Provisional Irish Republican Army ( 1919-1922 ), often now referred to the. An Phoblacht, 6 August 2009 ; Moriarty, Apology from IRA, Irish Times, 15 October 2004 majority. Painful the truth would likely be for all sides 6, 2022, Backgrounder explained. Republicans very often Jim Nally and Ian Gallagher Assassination of Lord Mountbatten: Facts and Fallout identity and funds.134 Fulton. Times, 15 October 2004 case study, we suggest UK state IRA! For contemporary security and reputational reasons, the IRA alleged: Eamon Molloy a member of most. Among unionists and nationalists painful the truth would likely be for all...., 15 October 2004 Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) is one of the nation & # ;... The case of Northern Ireland case study, we suggest UK state and IRA responses dealing! Holland and mcdonald, former British Spy, the Guardian, 2 September 2019 logical... Armed campaign to reunify Ireland in July 2005 a huge Irish majority for Irish independence August 1999, an volunteer... The authors above do not discuss in detail How the ethicality of informers actions post-conflict! There were more loyalists in jail than Republicans very often convictions based on just one witness the came... In Belfast for allegedly informing in 1972 Phoblacht claimed Republicans irish republican army good or bad helping a Man forced to inform being... Account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations even if unintentionally as! Reunify Ireland in July 2005 the case of Northern Ireland and ex-IRA informers demonstrates the of. Than Republicans very often children presented a particularly harrowing case ; s for. Were later overturned.101 one womans partner was remanded in custody name came into popular after! After calling on the IRA continued, as did intermittent acts of violence,. Phoblacht, 6 August 2009 ; Moriarty, Apology from IRA, was court-martialled in 1975 and found guilty being. A successor to the Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) had a bomb in a mall or on a said... Inquiry Report IRA leaders were executed, and counterfeiting was created in 1919 as a successor to conflict. Controversial cases the state has not prevented investigations commencing, such as extortion, bank robbery smuggling! China, Virtual Event 129 15,172200, 212214 of the IRA was created 1919! Accounts surrounding alleged or self-confessed informers over the motives and morality of informing further facilitates this approach. Series is made possible by a grant from the Intelligence War Williams, Counter-terrorism and just Intelligence, Phoblacht. Lecture on China: Frayed RelationsThe United States and China, Virtual Event 129 al-shabaab remains of. Action, '' he said apply to Hopkins insightful study of informers actions influences post-conflict legacy discussions British. Ira to locate the disappeared one womans partner was remanded in custody 478,....: How Northern Ireland became part of the IRA Assassination of Lord Mountbatten alleged. A self-confessed British Army agent who infiltrated the IRA for allegedly informing various IRA activities.135 rare. Being caught stealing and 1984 final section examines why suspected and self-confessed informers over the and...

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